Code switching is the mixing of
words, phrases, and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems
across sentence boundaries within the same speech event. Code
switching is not a display of deficient language knowledge a grammar mixing of
two languages. The phenomenon of code switching is examined from a
conversational analysis perspective and as such is viewed as interactive
exchanges between members of a bilingual speech community.
When
communicating with people who know the same languages, bilinguals have to make
a choice of which language to use. It is
natural sometimes that they may use two or more languages at the same time to
communicate. Code-switching refers to
the situation where people switch between different languages within the same
communication activity.[1]
Bilinguals
often switch between their two languages in the middle of a conversation. These
code-switches can take place between or even within sentences, involving
phrases or words or even parts of words. The switching of words is the
beginning of borrowing, which occurs when the new word becomes more or less integrated
in the second language. One bilingual individual using a word from language A
and language B is a case of switching, but when many people do, even speakers
of B who don’t know A are likely to pick it up. At this page, especially if the
pronunciation and morphology have been adapted, we can say the word has been
borrowed.[2]
There
are various kinds of code switching. Immigrants often use many words from their
new language in their old language, because many of the people, they speak to
know both languages. In situation like this, bilinguals often develop a mixed
code.
1.
Code
switching has several functions.
a.
Code-switching
is used to mark switching from informal situations (using native languages) to
formal situations (using second language).
b.
Code-switching
is used to exert control, especially between parents and children.
c.
Code-switching
is used to align speakers with others in specific situations (e.g., defining
oneself as a member of an ethnic group).
d.
Code-switching
also 'functions to announce specific identities, create certain meanings, and
facilitate particular interpersonal relationships.
2.
Reasons
for Code switching:
The reasons why people switch
codes is speakers may switch from one code to another either to show solidarity
with a social group, to distinguish oneself, to participate in social
encounters, to express feelings and affections, or to impress and persuade the
audience.
Below are some other reasons of
doing code switching in communication:
1.
To
show solidarity
Janet Holmes mentions in her book
Introduction to Sociolinguistics that, 'a speaker may switch to another
language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity within an
addressee' (Holmes, 2000). Code switching can be used to express solidarity
between people from different or the same ethnic groups. For example:
“Batakness speakers switch to
English to address one another when an English speaker joins them even though
the English speaker is not being spoken to directly. They could continue in
Batakness but in order to include the English speaker in the group, they switch
codes.”
2.
To
reflect social status
Sometimes, speakers tend to use
different languages to imply a certain social status or to distinguish
themselves from other social classes. 'Other reasons that have been found to motivate
CS are to sound elitist or classy' (Shabt, 2007). Professor Peter Auer says in
his book Code Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity
that ' Code-switching carries a hidden prestige which is made explicit by
attitudes' (Auer, 2002). Also, Dr Hayat Al Khatib says in a research she
conducted that speakers may use code-switching 'to show power over the less
powerful' (Al-Khatib, 2003) Thus, I can now connect switching codes as a way to
reflect one's social class. A speaker who cans code-switch implies that he is a
well educated person who is competent in two languages or even more. Thus,
code-switching can be looked upon as a way to distinguish oneself. Yasir
Suleiman says that, 'the phenomenon of code switching is very common and is
looked upon as something prestigious and a sign of education and competence in
more than one language.
3.
Code-switching
can reflect associations of certain topics with a language.
The example below will show how
the use of code-switching to reflect associations of certain topics with a
language.
“Batakness speakers participating
in a discussion in an English language class in English change to Batakness to
talk about their plans for the weekend. They could talk about their plans in
English but they are more comfortable doing this in Batakness.”
4.
Affection
Code-switching can be used by
speakers to express certain feelings and attitudes. Speakers may switch codes
to express happiness, anger, sadness, and many other feelings. So, a person may
code switch because they are angry. For example:
“A teacher uses English in
class. She changes to Batakness to tell
off a student when she is angry because the student has consistently not done
her homework.”
The student would understand the
English but the telling off is more effective in their shared first
language. The teacher’s anger is more
apparent.
5.
Example
Of Code Switching In Song
A.
Indonesian
Song
I will always love you kekasihku
Dalam hidupku hanya dirimu satu
I will always need you cintaku
Selamanya takkan pernah terganti
Ku mau menjadi yang terakhir
untukmu
Ku mau menjadi mimpi indahmu
Cintai aku dengan hatimu
Seperti aku mencintaimu
Sayangi aku dengan kasihmu
Seperti aku menyayangimu
I will be the last for you
And you will be the last for me
I will always love you kekasihku
Dalam hidupku hanya dirimu satu
Ku mau menjadi yang terakhir
untukmu
Ku mau menjadi mimpi indahmu
Cintai aku dengan hatimu
Seperti aku mencintaimu
Sayangi aku dengan kasihmu
Seperti aku menyayangimu
I will be the last for you
And you will be the last for me
And i will be the last for you
And you will be the last for me
B.
Korean
Songs
In your eyes In your mind sarangi
geuryeojyeo
In your eyes In your mind
uri meolli isseodo garyeojin dedo
love is you love is you
baramgyeole nalliun geuriumi
maeumeul jeonhaejugil
---Reff---
Love is the moment niga odeon
geunal soongan
Love is the moment
du noone maethyeo gaseume
maethyeo jaggu ddeoolla
Love is the moment niga odeon
geunal soongan
Love is the moment
ijeul su eobseo jaggu ddeoolla
Close your eyes Close your ears
sarangi neuggyeojyeo
Close your eyes Close your ears
neoreul jabji mothaedo anji
mothaedo love is you
love is you
haessal soke garyeojin geuriumi
nae maeumeul jeonhaejugil
Love is the moment neoreul bonaen
geunal geu soongan
Love is the moment
shimjangi meomchweo shigani
meomchweo jagguman apa
Love is the moment neoreul
ddeonal geu soongan
Love is the moment
sarangdo ddeona jagguman apa
In your eyes In your mind sarangi
In your eyes In your mind
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